For such conditions the ICD-10-CM has a coding convention that requires the underlying condition be sequenced first followed by the manifestation. 5), indicating that the diagnosis psychogenic vaginismus is not reported. Includes note. You should never use the exculde1 code at the same time as the code above Excludes1 notes. 0 has a. The list of coded instructions is called Computer program. You must use the applicable 7th character for all ICD-10-CM codes within the category or as notes in the Tabular List instruct. Code first any follow-up examination after treatment of malignant neoplasm (Z08). The “new” or “subsequent” terms used in ICD-10 have NOTHING to do with New or Established patient definitions of CPT. Read and be guided by the instructional notes in both indexes The Alphabetical Index does not always provide the full code. A “code also” note is an instruction that two codes may be required to fully describe a condition, but the seque ncing of the two codes depends on the severity of the conditions and the reason for the office visit. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Instructional notes, Conventions, Includes Notes and more. The “ code first ” note instructs the coder to code first any associated intracranial injury ( S06 . [Brackets] are an ICD-10-CM convention indicating the enclosed code is a manifestation code Instructional notes, Abbreviations, Cross-reference notes, Punctuation marks, and Relational terms ("and," "with," "without," "due to"). Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like List the three diagnoses that are included as described by the "inclusion note" for code R56. The first one is done for you. These instructional notes indicate the proper sequencing order of the codes, etiology followed by manifestation. exists there is a 'use additional code' note at the etiology code, and a 'code first' note at the manifestation code. This helps the coder to choose the most appropriate code for a given diagnosis or condition and ensure accurate coding and billing. TRUE. 01. these codes are a component of the etiology/manifestation convention (never permitted to be used as first listed or principal diagnosis codes) CODE ALSO (Instructional) Note. 5 also applies to the following:The main term Fibrosarcoma has a note to see also Neoplasm, connective tissue, malignant. These notes may be found in both the alphabetic index and the tabular list; typically provide information related to a specific section or subsection. In most cases the manifestation codes will have in the code title, "in diseases. These codes should never be used as a principal diagnosis and must be reported in conjunction with a code for the underlying cause/diagnosis. Wherever such a combination exists, there is a “use additional code” note at the etiology code, and a “code first” note at the manifestation code. When there is a "code first" note and an underlying condition is present, the underlying condition should be sequenced first. Select one: a. General Notes. R94. Learn your Medical Coding Conventions and Guidelines. When you encounter “with” or “in” in a code title (descriptor), the Alphabetic Index, or an instructional note in the tabular list, you’ll treat “with” or “in” as “associated with” or “due to. These instructional notes indicate the proper sequencing order of the codes, etiology followed by manifestation. A list of abbreviations, punctuation, symbols, typefaces, and instructional notes appears at the beginning of the ICD-9-CM. ”. “Code first” notes are under certain codes that are not specifically manifestation codes but. Note Used to define, give examples, or both, of the content of a category of ICD-10-CM or of a block of category codes. and more. ↓ See below for any exclusions, inclusions or special notations. 7 th Characters Certain ICD-10-CM categories have applicable 7 th characters. Hint: you can locate this instructional note at the beginning of the cardiovascular section. Group of answer choices. -Read the code title. , ICD-10-CM disease and injury codes describe causes of illnesses or clinical symptoms exhibited by the patient,. These instructional notes indicate the proper sequencing order of the codes, etiology followed by manifestation. 16. , Instructional notes appear in both the Tabular List and Alphabetic Index of ICD-10-CM. Code First: notes appearing in the Tabular section of ICD-10-CM and identifying for the coder the sequence of the code assignment. The first step in coding is to locate the main term in the Alphabetic Index. General Coding Guidelines. Diseases of the Digestive System. Instructional notes Punctuation marks Abbreviations Symbols. Code First/Use Additional Code: Appears where additional codes are needed to give a more complete picture of the diagnosis or procedure (example G06). 2016 (effective 10/1/2015): New code (first year of non-draft ICD-10-CM) 2017. Select one: True False. Diseases of the circulatory system. the mainifestaion code will have a "code first" instructional note, and the eitiology code will have a " use additonal code" note in the tabular list. A “code first underlying disease” instructional note will appear with the underlying disease codes identified. Now that ICD-10-CM is in effect, it is vital to understand some basic rules for applying the code set appropriately. There are 2 types of EXCLUDES notes in ICD-10-CM. When sequencing codes for residual , the residual is sequenced second by a late effect code. TRUE. Select one. 02 herpes , scrotum Provide : ICD - 10 - CM Code ( s ) and the term ( s ) you referenced to obtain the code ( s ) . When separate codes exit to identify acute and chronic conditions both condition , both condition. -)Whereby to chain ICD-10-CM codes to determine proper payment. Code H27. The ICD-10-CM is divided into the Alphabetic Index, an alphabetical list of terms and their corresponding code, and the Tabular list, a chronological list of codes divided into chapters based on body system or condition. , The "See Also" instructional note refers the coder to another location in the Tabular List. in ICD-10-CM/PCS uses an indented arrangement. the casual condition to be sequenced first if present: in diseases classified elsewhere: indicates that the manifestation codes are component of the etiology/manifestation coding convention: use additional code: etiology and manifestation combination of codes exists the tabular list etiology code containes: excludes1 note290. False. ICD-10-CM; ICD-10-PCS;Wherever such a combination exists there is a "use additional code" note at the etiology code, and a "code first" note at the manifestation code. Manifestation. , The instructional note "INCLUDES" _____. It is found in the 2024 version of the ICD-10 Clinical Modification (CM) and can be used in all HIPAA-covered transactions from Oct 01, 2023 - Sep 30, 2024 . Code G63 is a manifestation code. Instruction c. The conventions are instructional notes within the ICD-10-CM codebook. 3. What additional code does this instructional note advise the coder to use? A. Notice the instructional note here states code first heart failure due to hypertension. I67. A. In other words, you should code the hypertension (I11. 8. Instructional notes appear in the Alphabetical Index and Tabular List • INCLUDES: This. I25. The instructional note “Use additional code, where applicable, to identify exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (Z77. 13) and for the COPD and asthma (493. For such conditions the ICD-10-CM has a coding convention that requires the underlying condition be sequenced first followed by the manifestation. 2. These instructional notes indicate the proper sequencing order of the codes, etiology followed by manifestation. When an includes note appears after the start of a. The "Code first underlying disease" instructional note found under certain codes is a sequencing rule. Access For Free. "Wherever an etiology and manifestation combination of codes exists, the manifestation code contains an instructional note to: "code first underlying disease. 2 indicating what codes should be reported first and what codes should be reported as additional codes. For such codes, there is a “use additional code” note at the etiology code and a “code first” note at the manifestation code and the rules for sequencing apply The Code Also note is used in ICD-10-CM to instruct the coder that two codes may be needed to fully code a diagnostic phrase. References Whenever such a combination exists, there is a use an additional code note at the etiology code, and a code first note at the manifestation code. Group of answer choices. It allows developers to create database schemas and models using C# or VB. Inclusion notes. True False The Tabular Listing of ICD-10-CM provides great detail in code assignment, and therefore the coder does not have to reference the Alphabetic Index to assign codes. E) The code in the square brackets cannot be listed first. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like coding conventions, Instructional notes, Includes ( instructional notes) and more. For bilateral sites, the final character of the codes in the ICD-10-CM indicates laterally. The manifestation code may never be used alone or as a primary diagnosis. Editor’s note: This is the second of two articles that address International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) coding conventions and guidelines. ICD-10-CM provides codes to deal with encounters for circumstances other than a disease or injury. Identify the instructional note or coding guideline that applies and explain why the code(s) should or should not be reported as listed (3 points) 3. instructional notes. Wenn there is an “code first” note at the tabular, of coder should follow this instruction and sequence the underlying etiology or chronic condition first trailed by the enlightenment as in additional diagnosis. ” “These are the ‘code first,’ ‘use additional code,’ and ‘in diseases classified elsewhere’ notes you see in the Tabular section of ICD-10,” Blanchard notes. ICD 10 CM ___________ include the following: Instructional notes, Abbreviations, Cross-reference notes, Punctuation marks, and Relational terms. E. When a Code first note is present, and the patient has an underlying condition, the underlying condition should be sequenced first. These instructional notes indicate the proper sequencing order of the codes, etiology followed by manifestation. The instructional note confirms that you assigned the correct first code or alerts you to the fact that the first code was not correct. It is found in the 2024 version of the ICD-10 Clinical Modification (CM) and can be used in all HIPAA-covered transactions from Oct 01, 2023 - Sep 30, 2024 . 3. In most cases the manifestation codes will have in the code title, “in diseases classified elsewhere. These conventions are incorporated within the Alphabetic Index and Tabular List of the ICD-10-CM as instructional notes. In most cases the manifestation codes will have in the code title, "in diseases. The Tabular list provides more information about the codes, including the codes' definitions, notes, and sub-codes. 01. defines and or gives examples of the content of a particular category. Last option is the right answer. It is found in the 2024 version of the ICD-10 Clinical Modification (CM) and can be used in all HIPAA-covered transactions from Oct 01, 2023 - Sep 30, 2024 . Further review of the codes in this category show that 5 th character 2 indicates second trimester, resulting in code O46. These instructional notes indicate the proper sequencing order of the codes, etiology followed by manifestation. List the steps in coding. List the codec. 8. Verify the code(s) selected from the Index in the Tabular List 6. 1. Instructional notes in this section will help guide the reader with. NOS. 7. Refer to other codes as instructed. These instructional notes indicate the proper sequencing order of the codes, etiology followed by manifestation. 0 is a valid billable ICD-10 diagnosis code for Celiac disease . When there is a “code first” note and an underlying condition is present, the underlying condition should be. 1 2 Code A05. Wherever such a combination exists, there is a “use additional code” note at the etiology code, and a “code first” note at the manifestation code. 'Instructional notes include. True False. general notes, inclusion and exclusion notes, code first notes, use additional code notes, and code also notes. There is a "Use Additional Code" notation at the etiology code and a "Code First" note at the manifestation code whenever such a combination exists. Z63. These instructional notes indicate the proper sequencing order of the codes, etiology followed by manifestation. #7. A combination code is used to classify?Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Code First, X as a placeholder, Unknown or N/A and more. Want this news delivered to you by email? Sign up for Weekly Recap today!exists there is a 'use additional code' note at the etiology code, and a 'code first' note at the manifestation code. What is the code first instructional note used for? If there is a “code first” note in the tabular, the coder should follow this instruction and sequence the underlying etiology or chronic condition first followed by the manifestation as an additional diagnosis. The items provide guidelines for using the code set. University Hospital ICD-10-CM Coding Job Aid Template Part 1: The ICD-10-CM Code Book Part 2: Instructional Notes Instructional Note Type Description Example See also Defines or give examples of the code or category See also neoplasm, by site, benign Code first The ICD-10-CM coding convention requires the underlying condition be sequenced first. These instructional notes indicate the proper sequencing order of the codes, etiology followed by manifestation. Section IV. Code G63 is a manifestation code. See Also The instructional note “see also” simply provides alternative terms the. The EXCLUDES 2 note represents all of the following except _____. Locate the main terms in the Alphabetic Index 3. The 2024 ICD-10-CM update includes 395 new, 25 revised, and 13 deleted codes to be used for patient encounters and discharges occurring from October 1, 2023 through September 30, 2024. are introduced by the word "includes" when placed at the beginning of a chapter or section. You should never use the exculde1 code at the same time as the code above Excludes1 notes. S04. a chronological list of codes compiled in 21 chapters based on body system or condition. 2016 (effective 10/1/2015): New code (first year of non-draft ICD-10-CM) 2017. There was a recent clarification regarding this guideline published in the first quarter 2016 issue of AHA Coding Clinic on page 11. 84) G97. Code both sequencing the acute first d. 0) This code should match the one you assigned in step 3. instructs the coder to select a code to represent the etiology that caused the manifestation. Wherever such a combination exists there is a "use additional code" note at the etiology code, and a "code first" note at the manifestation code. exists there is a 'use additional code' note at the etiology code, and a 'code first' note at the manifestation code. “Code, if applicable, a causal condition first” note indicates that a code from category R35 may be assigned as a first-listed or principal diagnosis when the causal condition is unknown or not applicable. 8, B96. Wherever an etiology and manifestation combination of codes exists, the manifestation code contains an instructional note to: d. Once a code number entry has been located in the Alphabetic Index, the code may be assigned without further verification. True. This instructional note in Tabular of the I10 directs the coder regarding sequencing? X as a placeholder. Wherever such a combination exists there is a "use additional code" note at the etiology code, and a "code first" note at the manifestation code. In the ICD-10-CM tabular, the coder will see notes under the Category J91. is used in the Tabular. It is necessary to go to the main term referenced with the "see" note to locate the correct code. the mainifestaion code will have a "code first" instructional note, and the eitiology code will have a " use additonal code" note in the tabular list. The “code first” note appears in the Tabular List under the manifestation code to identify the condition usually considered the etiologic condition. A. Graph the system and estimate the solution. d. 9 is a valid billable ICD-10 diagnosis code for Headache, unspecified . provide general information on usage in a specific section. ICD-10-CM Quiz 1. Code Also –A “code also” note instructs that two codes may be required to fully describe a condition, but the sequencing of the two codes depends on the severity of the conditions and the reason for the encounter. Contracts to pump blood. instructional notes. While these terms may seem very similar, Frady says, the “code first” terminology represents an instructional note while “in diseases classified elsewhere” is actually a part of the code title itself. 1 is sequenced, as the principal or first diagnosis, regardless of whether the patient's most recent COVID-19 test is. A type 1 EXCLUDES note is a pure excludes note. 6. E78. #1. Allergic rhinitis, unspecified Billable Code. “See” and “See Also” –The “see” instruction following a main term in theinstructs that two codes may be required to fully describe the condition, but this note does not provide sequencing direction. Following are some of the notes that. note is used to define, give examples, or do both, of the content of a category of ICD. -determine lateraling (right or left) and any applicable extensions. The implementation of ICD-10-CM coding brought about significant changes to the world of coding. 9-, [N16]. Colon: used in the Tabular listing after a term that is modified by one or more terms following the colon Conventions: a group of instructional notes, punctuation marks, abbreviations, and symbols. Added instructional notes and inclusion terms Code Description G97. 1. These instructional notes indicate the proper sequencing order of the codes: etiology, followed by manifestation. 10 ; Code First the Associated neurological condition : 290. In most cases the manifestation codes will have in the code title, “in diseases classified elsewhere. exists there is a 'use additional code' note at the etiology code, and a 'code first' note at the manifestation code. Use additional code to identify the organism (B95, B96) B. Introduction to ICD-10-CM. ICD-10 brought about significant changes to medical coding. Review any modifying terms or instructional notes associated with the main term. In most cases the manifestation codes will have in the code title, “in diseases classified elsewhere. Locate the main term in the alphabetic index. General Notes. 2 but instead with code F52. instructional notes. A note indicates that this code may be assigned as a first-listed or. They are the same in the sense that two. B. When an Excludes _____ note appears under a code, it is acceptable to use both the code and the excluded code together. O70. ICD-10-CM Code E78. 2. chapter b. 2x indicates, “Code first underlying disease (275. Meaning-First. ↓ See below for any exclusions, inclusions or. What is the Code First Instructional Note? The Code First Instructional Note is a document that provides guidance for developers who want to use the Code. Instructional notes, punctuation marks, abbreviations, and symbols. These conventions are incorporated within the Alphabetic. The first character is always a letter with any additional characters represented by. It is found in the 2024 version of the ICD-10 Clinical Modification (CM) and can be used in all HIPAA-covered transactions from Oct 01, 2023 - Sep 30, 2024 . Includes Note. Preview. Title of the. A. In most cases the manifestation codes will have in the code title, 'in diseases classified elsewhere. followed by a list of codes and descriptions. Wherever such a combination exists there is a "use additional code" note at the etiology code, and a "code first" note at the manifestation code. For conditions, the ICD-10-CM has a coding convention where the underlying condition be sequenced first, if applicable, followed by the manifestation. I21. The code "L05. About Quizlet; How Quizlet works; Careers; Advertise with us; Get the app; For students. The word “with” should be interpreted to mean “associated with” or “due to” when it appears in a code title, the Alphabetic Index, or an instructional note in the Tabular List. includes general notes, inclusion and exclusion notes, "code first" notes, "use additional code" notes and "code also" notes. When it applies, codes missing this character are. xxxx Type 1 diabetes mellitusAnswer: The Use Additional Code note instructs the coder to use an additional code to identify the manifestation that is present. Wherever such a combination exists there is a "use additional code" note at the etiology code, and a "code first" note at the manifestation code. Refer to other codes as instructed. The classification presumes a causal relationship between the two conditions linked by these terms in the. The "Excludes 2" note represents all of the following except _____. Code First. 1 (toxic gastroenteritis (drug induced gastroenteritis)) has a code first note stating, "code first T51-T65 to identify the toxic agent and a use additional code for adverse effect, if applicable". Used to define, give examples, or both, of the content of a category of ICD-10-CM or of a block of category codes. True. 7 th Characters Certain ICD-10-CM categories have applicable 7 th characters. ICD 10 CM ___________ include the following: Instructional notes, Abbreviations, Cross-reference notes, Punctuation marks, and Relational terms. If a causal condition is known, for example, an enlarged prostate, then the code for the enlarged prostate. 2016 (effective 10/1/2015): New code (first year of non-draft ICD-10-CM) 2017. Includes note. The appropriate 7th character is to be added to each code from category S62: A Initial encounter for closed fracturecoding conventions (rules) usually found at the beginning of CM/PCS coding manuals general rules used in classification, independent of coding guidelines incorporated into CM/PCS instructional notes general coding conventions: + default codes - in CM, a code listed next to a main term in CM indexes; represents that condition is most commonly. The classification presumes a causal relationship between the two conditions linked by these terms in the Alphabetic Index or Tabular List. Most notable was the. Explain in a few sentences the impact of reporting the code(s) incorrectly. This indicates the sequencing. , Section I of the ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting provides guidelines only for outpatient services and more. subcategories, and valid codes. Mar 19, 2018. Basic Coding Steps. 5. Code First Underlying Condition. Excludes 1: fever and chills. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like interpreted as meaning and/or, adverse effect, code first underlying disease and more. In ICD-10-CM, there is an Instructional note to code the malignancy first even when the encounter is for the management of anemia due to the malignancy. Manifestation code = “code 1st” These instructional notes indicate the proper sequencing order of the codes 3. These conventions are incorporated within the Alphabetic Index and Tabular List of the ICD-10-CM as instructional notes. C) appears in the Tabular. These instructional notes indicate the proper sequencing order of the codes, etiology followed by manifestation. 1, Alzheimer's disease with late onset, and F02. 4. For such codes, there is a "use additional code" note at the etiology code and a "code first" note at the manifestation code, and the rules for sequencing apply. Wherever such a combination exists there is a "use additional code" note at the etiology code, and a "code first" note at the manifestation code. The instructional notation that appears for the code for a drug induced fever is ________ . A query may be necessary to clarify if the. C) appears in the Tabular. R51. Code Also. This code(s) should not be used alone – there is another code that should be used first. Identify the first-listed diagnosis as stated in the medical record. -determine whether any additional characters must be added. -) and then the heart failure (I50. does not have to be followed if the original main term provides the correct code. There are two types of EXCLUDES notes in ICD-10-CM. It is acceptable to use only the Alphabetic index to assign I-10 codes. Hyperlipidemia, unspecified Billable Code. Another meaning for. ” Example 2: Parkinson’s disease with dementia, without behavioral disturbance. These instructional notes indicate the proper sequencing order of the codes: etiology followed by manifestation. specific illnesses, injuries, eponyms, abbreviations, and other descriptive diagnostic terms. code first underlying disease. 2 Rationale: Code N94. The code. But don’t forget the. The first one is completed for you. 13 (Etiology/Manifestation Convention) "In addition to the notes in the Tabular List, these conditions also have a specific Alphabetic Index entry structure. b. However, if the coder also sees the instructional note of "Use an Additional Code" in the ICD 10 CM Code Book in the Tabular List, the coder would then also provide an additional code to provide. True Medical documentation should be detailed to support the granularity of the codes present in ICD-10-CM. (True/False) Question 2 . What does “code first” mean? There are certain conditions that have instructional notes in the ICD-10-CM tabular/coding conventions that guide the coder in sequencing. Explain in a few sentences. The applicable 7th character is required for all codes within the category, or as the notes in the Tabular List instruct. Code First Instructional Note. True ____ carcinoma is primary neoplasm of the liver. These instructional notes indicate the proper sequencing order of the codes, etiology followed by manifestation. - Determine whether an additional character must be added. Found at the etiology code as a clue to identify the manifestations commonly associated with the disease. A) appears in both the Index and Tabular. Instructional notes Punctuation marks Abbreviations Symbols Instructional Notes In both the index and tabular. Note: A fracture not indicated as open or closed should be coded to closed . It can be time-consuming and expensive. 0 is a valid billable ICD-10 diagnosis code for Atrioventricular block, first degree . True. These. These instructional notes indicate the proper. About us. Some codes in chapter 10 have been expanded to include notes indicating that an additional code should be assigned or an associated condition should be sequenced first. the dehydration is coded first, followed by the code(s) from the malignancy. Instructional notes in the Alphabetic Index and Tabular List of ICD-10-CM provide essential guidance for coders in selecting accurate codes by clarifying coding conventions, rules, and specific instructions. 0) CONVENTIONS 12 • Instructional Notes •“Code also” ‐alerts coder that more than one code may be required to describe the condition ‐does not provide sequencing directions but provide additional instruction. The term you’re looking for might not be one of the main terms in the index, but it might be listed under one of those main terms. A 6 year-old patient is seen in the office for acute otitis media, coded as H66. O70. appearing. An Excludes 2 Note. 3. 2x-3y=-2 x+y=-6. There are also instructional notes to use additional code to identify specific organ dysfunction. Introduction ICD-10 was endorsed by the 43rd World Health Assembly in May 1990 and came into use in WHO Member States in 1994 (including US) The classification is the latest in a series, which has its origins in the 1850s The first edition, known as the International List of Causes of. These instructional notes indicate the proper sequencing order of the codes, etiology followed by manifestation. 2. • Use additional code: According to an ICD-9-CM coding convention, an underlying condition must be sequenced first, followed by the manifestation. 9 is a valid billable ICD-10 diagnosis code for Allergic rhinitis, unspecified . 0) CONVENTIONS 12 • Instructional Notes •“Code also” ‐alerts coder that more than one code may be required to describe the condition ‐does not provide sequencing directionsAn instructional note in ICD-10-CM for intellectual disabilities (F70 through F79) directs coders to: a. code first underlying disease. ' Instructional notes include. Use additional code, where applicable, to identify: history of tobacco dependence (Z87. True. Group of answer choices. Wherever such a combination exists, there is a “use additional code” note at the etiology code, and a “code first” note at the manifestation code. Watch the instructional notes carefully. When the term “and” is used in a statement, it may be interpreted as, “and/or”. There is an instructional note stating to code first underlying. Define ‘With’ Per ICD-10-CM. Code Also –A “code also” note instructs that two codes may be required to fully describe a condition, but the sequencing of the two codes depends on the severity of the conditions and the reason for the encounter. According to the textbook. Alphabetic Index. M36. If there is a “code first” note is the tabular, the coder must follow this statement and ordered the underlying etiology or chronic condition beginning tracked by the modifier as an additional diagnosis. According to ICD-10-CM Guidelines, it is not necessary to identify infections documented as antibiotic resistant. The instructional notation "USE ADDITIONAL CODE" instructs the coder to: Add a second code to fully code the diagnosis. List the instructional. 92XB, which instructional notes appear in the ICD-10-CM conventions? Select all that apply. Wherever such a combination exists, there is a “use additional code” note at the etiology code and a “code first” note at the manifestation code. 891) tobacco dependence (F17. The "Code first underlying disease" instructional note found under certain codes is a sequencing rule. 9. Code First : Note at the manifestation code to. 84 d. 4 is a valid billable ICD-10 diagnosis code for Non-ST elevation (NSTEMI) myocardial infarction . Coders will see the same "code first" instruction when looking at malignant ascites. Tru/False It is acceptable to use only the alphabetic index to assign I-10 codes? False. Wherever such a combination exists there is a 'use additional code' note at the etiology code, and a 'code first' note at the manifestation code. b. Locate the main term in the Alphabetic Index. a group of instructional notes, punctuation marks, abbreviations, and symbols. includes general notes, inclusion and exclusion notes, "code first" notes, "use additional code" notes and "code also" notes. g.